PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF I & II BIPOLAR DISORDERS – A DETAILED REVIEW

Abstract

Bipolar disorder is a chronic and complex mood illness characterized by a combination of manic and depressive
episodes. Manic depressive disorder is another name for bipolar disorder. Periods of mania, hypomania, psychosis,
or sadness, as well as mood fluctuations, are all symptoms. Bipolar disorder sufferers experience a lot of mental
health issues and medical problems.
Bipolar disorder is better treated if it is diagnosed and treated early. The occurrence of at least one lifetime manic
episode is a required component of Bipolar 1 disorder. At least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive
episode are required for Bipolar 2 disorder. Eighty percent of patients experience more than four episodes in their
lives, and the duration between episodes is shorter as they get older. Suicide attempts are made by up to 50% of The
Patients. Rapid cycling can be caused by a variety of factors, including biology Biological-rhythm, dysregulation,
antidepressant or stimulant usage, hypothyroidism, and premenstrual and postpartum conditions.
In mixed states, manic episodes, and Bipolar 1 disorder, antidepressant monotherapy is contraindicated. Screening
for suicidal thoughts and substance misuse, evaluating adherence to treatment, and identifying metabolic
consequences of medication are all part of patient maintenance care. Body weight management decreases problems
and improves lipid control. Patients and their support system should be educated about mood relapse, Suicidal
ideation, and the effectiveness of early interventions to reduce complications.
In the current review we will be discussing the different types of bipolar disorders, its diagnosis, treatment and
management practices.