A REVIEW ARTICLE ON IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY

Abstract

Immuno-oncology, also known cancer immunotherapy that utilizes the strength of our own body’s immune
system to treat, prevents, control, and eradicate the cancer. Immunotherapy can, train the immune system to
recognize and attack certain cancer cells. Strengthen the immune cells to help them get rid of cancer. Provide the
body with additional nutrients to strengthen the immune response [1]
.
Unleashing the power of the immune system is a smart way to fight cancer:
The immune system is precise, so it can only fight cancer cells and protects healthy cells. Just like cancer,
the immune system can adapt continuously and dynamically. Therefore, if the tumor escapes detection, the immune
system can reassess and launch a new attack. The "memory" of the immune system allows it to remember what the
cancer cell looks like in order to target and destroy it when the cancer recurs[2]
.
Cancer Immunotherapy has brought a significant changes and developments, in terms of patient survival
and quality of life when compared to previous standards of care such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery.
Researches in the Cancer treatment lead to arose of novel and more potential treatment approaches such as
Immunotherapy, in which our body own immune system fights against cancer. Immunotherapy includes many
treatment approaches such as, Check point blockades, Monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T cell
therapy, Oncolytic viral therapy and vaccines.
Most of the early tumor cells were recognized and eliminated by host immunity, yet immunological
checkpoints, represented by CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1, pose a significant obstacle to effective antitumor immune
responses. Intensity, Inflammation and duration of antitumor immunity are influenced by T-cell co-inhibitory
pathways. Due to the immunosuppressive potential of tumor cells and their microenvironment, they can rapidly
exploit and causes significant destruction to our immune system. Recent advancements (check point inhibitors) have
shown durable responses in advanced stages of cancer (melanoma), proving the limitations and exposing the
evidence of potential to replace conventional radiotherapy regimen. In this Review, we have highlighted and
evaluated different treatment approaches in immunotherapy, and provided an overview on all of the approaches by
giving a standard attention and awareness regarding the novel approaches in cancer treatment [3][4]