Assessing the Clinical Profiles of Acute Kidney Injury Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Abstract

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) presents significant challenges in clinical 
management, necessitating effective assessment tools for patient stratification. The ABCD assessment 
tool aimed to classify patients into four groups by integrating spirometry, patient-reported symptoms 
(via the modified British Medical Research Council questionnaire and the COPD Assessment Test), 
and exacerbation history.(1) However, it faced limitations in predicting mortality and health outcomes, 
particularly due to overlapping influences in group D.