Safety Profile of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy in Patients with Multiple Comorbidities: A Narrative Review of Polypharmacy, Drug Interactions, and Individualized Treatment

Abstract

Patients with multiple chronic diseases frequently require complex cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, creating a major challenge for achieving therapeutic benefit while minimizing adverse drug reactions, drug–drug interactions, drug–disease interactions, and 
treatment-related complications. Cardiovascular diseases commonly coexist with diabetes  mellitus, chronic kidney disease, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease