Adhd In Children And Adolescents, Global Perspective Including Newer Treatment And Therapies.

Abstract

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that significantly impair daily functioning and quality of life across multiple settings, including home, school, and social environments. The etiology of ADHD is complex and multifactorial,
involving a combination of genetic, neurobiological, environmental, and psychosocial factors. Genetic factors play a significant role in ADHD, with heritability estimates ranging from 70% to 80%. Neurobiological factors also contribute to the pathophysiology of ADHD, with structural and functional abnormalities in brain regions and neural circuits implicated in attention, executive function, impulse control, and emotional regulation. Environmental factors, including prenatal and perinatal exposures, early life stress and adversity, parenting practices, family dynamics, socioeconomic status, and educational experiences, also play a significant role in the development and expression of ADHD symptoms and behaviors. Effective ADHD management requires a comprehensive and individualized approach that addresses the unique needs, challenges, and preferences of individuals with ADHD and their families.