Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Patients Undergoing Major Orthopedic Surgery

Abstract

Background:
Patients undergoing major orthopedic surgeries, such as total joint replacements and spinal 
procedures, often have multiple cardiovascular risk factors that predispose them to 
perioperative complications. Cardiovascular events remain a leading cause of postoperative 
morbidity and mortality in this population, especially among the elderly and those with 
comorbidities.