Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine vs. Butorphanol in Enhancing Analgesia with Hyperbaric Bupivacaine: A Hemodynamic Perspective

Abstract

Background- Spinal anaesthesia has been a widely utilized technique for various surgical procedures since its introduction. Despite the effectiveness of local anaesthetics, managing postoperative pain remains a challenge due to their limited duration of action. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of intrathecal dexmedetomidine compared to butorphanol as adjuvants to hyperbaric bupivacaine, focusing specifically on their effects on hemodynamic parameters in patients undergoing infra-umbilical surgeries.